What are different aspects of International Organization for Standardization (ISO)?

ISO is the short form of International Organization for Standardization. The international organization for standardization is well known for the development and publication of the standards pertaining to the international standard.

- The organizations itself constitutes many national networks from across the world.
- It is reported to have 163 countries in its network with one representative from each country.
- The office of the central secretariat of the organization is located in the city of Geneva in Switzerland.
- The purpose of the secretariat is to regulate the coordination in the system.
- It is a private organization and works with both public and private sector organizations. It is a non governmental organization.
- Most of its member organizations are either government organizations of their respective countries or are funded by the government.
- Other member organizations are private and are run in cooperation with the industry associates.
- We can say that ISO lays down a consensus that provides solutions which serves needs of both the business and society.
- The short form “ISO” was taken from Greek word “isos” which means “equal”.

Standards make a good impact on our life and they raise standards of our living too.Standards are very much needed to ensure characteristics like:


- environmental compatibility
- safety
- quality
- reliability
- economical cost
- interchangeability and
- efficiency


We never tend to notice the standard till the services and products are up to our expectations. We notice the importance of standards only when the services are not of the expected level. The products and services are said to work well and efficiently when they meet the standards set for them.

The international organization of standards is responsible for maintaining such standards all over the world.

International organization of the standards serves the following purposes:
1.It makes the manufacturing and development of services and products efficient, better than the previous and safe.
2.It aims at continually improving the marketing standards.
3.It takes are of the supply of services and products to the consumers.
4.It aims at developing a fair trading strategy between different nations of the world.
5.It lays down a basis for products and services for safety and health and environmental legislation.
6.It is responsible for carrying out the conformity assessment.
7.It shares new technological methodologies and management practices with its member organizations to lead innovation ahead.
8.It acts as a safeguard for the consumers of the services and products.
9.It provides solutions for many problems of standardization.

SOME MORE FACTS
- ISO till now has developed and maintained around 18,500 standards on an international level.
- Apart from these 18,500 standards, every year some 1000 new standards are being developed and published.
- The information about all these standards is available on the official website international organization of standards.
- The information center of ISO is operated by ISO itself in coordination with the international electro- technical commission (IEC).
- The ISO/ IEC information center has been developed to provide information regarding matters of standardization to its members and other stake holders.
- All the policies and strategies of the international organization of standards are jointly endorsed by the major governing bodies of ISO itself.
- The policies and strategies that have been serve as a guideline for all the members of the international organization of standards and its secretariat.

The 163 members of the ISO network are divided in to 3 categories which are:

- Member bodies
- Subscriber members
- Correspondent members

International Standard Organization ISO 9001:2000 Clause 8

Clause 8: Measurement, Analysis and Improvements

Clause 8.1: General
Metrics for product quality and process quality has to be defined by the management as they play a very important role in process improvement. The process effectiveness and improvement can be checked by the use of these metrics.

Clause 8.2: Monitoring and Measurement

Clause 8.2.1: Customer Satisfaction
The management has to define the metrics to measure the customer satisfaction as it is the most important objective for any organization.
Clause 8.2.2: Internal Audit
For the proper implementation of the quality management system across the organization, an internal audit has to be formed. Necessary training has to be provided to the internal audit team on the auditing process.
Clause 8.2.3: Monitoring and measurement of processes
Using metrics, each process that is defined in the quality management system has to be monitored and its effectiveness is measured.
Clause 8.2.4: Monitoring and measurement of product
The information obtained from the metrics for each product can be analyzed to study the effectiveness of the product's processes.

Clause 8.3: Control of non-conforming product

Appropriate action needs to be taken to ensure that the product that is found to be non-conforming is not delivered to the customer.

Clause 8.4: Analysis of data

To ensure the effectiveness of the quality management system, the management has to collect the data that can be obtained from customers, suppliers, process metrics, product metrics etc for the study.

Clause 8.5: Improvement

Clause 8.5.1: Continual Improvement
For continually improving the organization's performance, the quality management system should be continuously improved based on the inputs such as customer feedback, external and internal audit reports, supplier's feedback etc.
Clause 8.5.2: Corrective action
The corrective action is to be taken to remove the defects when a product has non-conformities.
Clause 8.5.3: Preventive action
Potential non-conformities are identified and preventive action is taken. Records of corrective action provides good inputs to take preventive actions.

International Standard Organization ISO 9001:2000 Clause 7 Part II

Clause 7.4: Purchasing

Clause 7.4.1: Purchasing Processes
There should be some defined procedures for the selection of suppliers and verification of purchased products.
Clause 7.4.2: Purchasing Information
When you purchase a product, the manager has to specify the product specifications, the quality management system requirements and many other requirements such as installation, warranty, maintenance etc.
Clause 7.4.3: Verification of Purchased Product
The project manager has to specify the acceptance criteria for the proposed product and when the supplier gives the product, the verification has to be done as per procedure.

Clause 7.5: Production and Service Operations

Clause 7.5.1: Control of production and service provision
Proper planning has to be done to make multiple copies, installation, and later maintenance of the product when delivered to the customers.
Clause 7.5.2: Validation of processes for production and service provision
Process has to be established to obtain the feedback on the performance of the product from the customer in cases where the verification is not possible.
Clause 7.5.3: Identification and traceability
The product should be identified and traceable during all stages of production, delivery, and installation.
Clause 7.5.4: Customer Property
The customer may give some of its property to the developer. In such cases, the development organization has to take proper care of the customer's property.
Clause 7.5.5: Preservation of the product
A process has to be defined for identification of the product, packaging, storage, and protection.

Clause 7.6: Control of monitoring and measuring devices

It is necessary to ensure that the test and measuring instruments such as oscilloscopes, protocol analyzers etc uses to ensure that the product meets the requirements are working well.

International Standard Organization ISO 9001:2000 Clause 7 Part I

Clause 7: Product Realization

Clause 7.1: Planning of Product Realization
Quality manual gives the overall processes to be followed in the organization. A separate project plan is developed. The project plan gives the details of the quality objectives to be met, processes to be followed etc.

Clause 7.2: Customer Related Processes

Clause 7.2.1: Determination of requirements related to the product
A SRS document is maintained from the requirements that are to be obtained by the customer. This is done by the project team.
Clause 7.2.2: Review of requirements related to the product
The project team has to ensure that the requirements of the customer are well defined, documented and can be implemented. A written agreement should be there between the customer and the development organization on the requirements specifications.
Clause 7.2.3: Customer Communication A procedure for communication with the customer should be formalized by the project team.

Clause 7.3: Design and Development

Clause 7.3.1: Design and development planning
Interfaces should be defined, identify inputs and outputs, review process, verification and validation of design and controlling the design changes.
Clause 7.3.2: Design and development inputs Inputs that are required for design and development of the product should be identified.
Clause 7.3.3: Design and development outputs
The outputs of the design and development phase should include the product that meets the requirements, product acceptance criteria and user manuals.
Clause 7.3.4: Design and development review
To ensure that the work is progressing in the right direction and the end product is meeting all requirements as specified in SRS, the design and development has to be periodically reviewed.
Clause 7.3.5: Design and development verification
The project manager has to carry out the necessary verification of the design and development so that each and every requirement of the SRS is met.
Clause 7.3.6: Design and development validation
To ensure that the project is implemented as per plan, validation is done.
Clause 7.3.7: Control of design and development changes
During design and development, a number of changes are likely in SRS document are already prepared. Whenever a change is made, that change has to be estimated and conscious decision has to be taken.

International Standard Organization ISO 9001:2000 Clauses 1-4

ISO 9001:2000 standard gives the requirements to develop a quality management system. The standard has eight clauses.

Clause 1: Scope
The first clause specifies the scope of the document which defines the quality management system to deliver a quality product.
Clause 2: Normative Reference
All the references to the document are specified in this clause.
Clause 3: Terms and Definitions
All the terms and conditions that are specified in ISO 9000:2000 are specified in this clause.
Clause 4.1: General Requirements
To deliver a quality product, the management should have a well-defined and documented quality management system that defines the processes to be followed. The processes should include both technical and managerial processes.
Clause 4.2: Documentation Requirements
Quality policy, Quality manual, Detailed definition of procedures mentioned in quality manual, Quality records are included in the documentation of quality management.
Clause 4.2.2: Quality Manual
All the processes that are to be followed for the entire software development life cycle should be described in quality manual. The quality manual can refer to other documents that gives details of the process definition.
Clause 4.2.3: Control of documents
A procedure should be established for controlling the documents as the documents related to the processes and projects will change time to time.
Clause 4.2.4: Control of records
It is necessary to maintain records to give evidence to the external auditing agencies that the quality system is being effectively operational.