Explain the concepts of (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) IEEE 829 standard?

The contributions in the field of electrical and electronics engineering by the IEEE or the institute of electrical and electronics engineers are not hidden from the world. The institute has its official head quarters situated in the city of New York.

It emerged as a non profit organization and since then is comprised of professionals from the fields of electrical and electronics engineering. The main aim of the association has always been to continually make excellent technological advancements in the field of electrical and electronics engineering.

ABOUT IEEE & IEEE 829

- IEEE currently has been reported to have around 40,00,00 members world wide and across 160 plus countries.

- Around 45 percent of the member population is from other countries besides United States.

- The history of the IEEE dates back to the 19s. IEEE was started as a non profit association in the New York City in the year of 1963.

- It was formed as a resultant the merging of 2 great individual non- profit institutes of that time namely the American Institute of electrical engineers (AIEE) and the institute of radio engineers (IRE).

- AIEE and IRE were formed in 1884 and 1912 respectively and in 1963 they merged together to give rise a new association i.e., institute of electrical and electronics engineers.

- Since then, IEEE has given so many standards for many fields like electrical, electronics and software testing etc.

- One such standard given in the field of software testing is “IEEE 829 – 1998” often called as “829 standard for software test documentation”.

- This standard has been designed especially for the documentation of the whole software testing process.

- It specifies what all documents are to be included in the currently defined 8 stages of the software testing cycle.

- Each stage has been stated with its individual document specifications.

- The IEEE 829 – 1998 standard just not specifies the documents to be produced but also lays down their formats.

But, it does not give any clear answer for whether or not all of the specified documents should be produced? Not only this, it also does not states what all content is to be included in these documents.

WHAT DOCUMENTS ARE PRODUCED?

As per the standard, the below mentioned documents are to be produced:

1. Test plan
The document that gives the management features of the testing cycle and includes:
(a) How the testing will be carried out?
(b) System under test or SUT configurations
(c) Who will carry out the testing?
(d) Estimated time
(e) Test coverage and quality level of the testing

2. Test design specification
The document listing all the detailed conditions as well as results and passing criteria.

3. Test case specification
The document specifying the input data for test cases.

4. Test procedure specification
The document having detailed description on how to run each and every specified test case and also describes the set up conditions and the steps to follow.

5. Test item transmittal report
The document giving the reports of one stage of the testing cycle after its completion.

6. Test log
The document maintaining the records of the test cases i.e., their title, executor, and final status i.e., pass or fail.

7. Test incident report
The document detailing the observations of the test cases that didn’t pass. It gives the causes of the failures of the test case and the expectations. The failure of a test case is often treated as an incident rather than a fault.

8. Test summary
The document providing a brief report of the whole testing cycle and also covers up the aspects that were not covered up in any of the above listed documents like software quality, quality of the testing efforts etc.

What are different aspects of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)?

ABOUT IEEE
- The institute of electrical and electronics engineers is often abbreviated and called as IEEE.
- The institute has its head quarters in the city of New York.
- It is a non profit organization and is comprised of professionals from the fields of electrical and electronics engineering.
- The main aim of the association is to continually make excellent technological advancements in the field of electrical and electronics engineering.
- IEEE currently has around 40, 00, 00 members world wide and across 160 plus countries.
- Around 45 percent of the member population is from countries other than United States.
- IEEE was started as a non profit association in the New York City in the year of 1963.
- It was formed as a resultant the merging of 2 great institutes of that time namely the American Institute of electrical engineers (AIEE) and the institute of radio engineers (IRE).
- AIEE and IRE were formed in 1884 and 1912 respectively and in 1963 they merged together to give rise a new association i.e., institute of electrical and electronics engineers.

IRE AND AIEE
- The IRE was mostly concerned with the works regarding radio engineering.
- It was composed several small associations dealing with their own subjects like wireless technology and telegraph engineering etc.
- On the other hand, the AIEE was involved with the technology of wire communications like telephony and telegraphy, power systems, light systems and so on.
- The field of electronics engineering saw a huge rise in 1930s.
- At that time it was obvious for an electronics engineer to become a member of IRE.
- It happened so because with the advent of technological advancements it was getting difficult to keep the technology of IRE and AIEE from mixing with each other.
- The competition between the 2 organizations continued till the end of World War II.
Soon after that the 2 separate organizations were consolidated and a new association IEEE took birth.

FORMATION OF IEEE
- The formation of the IEEE was officially declared on the date of 1st January, 1963.
- Following were some prominent and influential presidents of IEEE:


Elihu Thomson (1890, AIEE)
Alexander Graham Bell (1892, AIEE)
Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1902, AIEE)
Lee De Forest (1930, IRE)
Frederick E. Terman (1941, IRE)
William R. Hewlett (1954, IRE)
Ernst Weber (1959, IRE; 1963, IEEE)
Ivan Getting (1978, IEEE)

AIM OF IEEE
- The main aim of the IEEE is to make theoretical and practical advancements which are educational and scientific and in the field of electronics, electrical, computer engineering, communications, related sciences and arts, and the other allied branches of engineering.

- IEEE also organizes conferences and publishes scientific journals on the related matters.

- IEEE is also responsible for organizing standards in the industrial area like:

bio medical technology
electric power
energy
information assurance
information technology
consumer electronics
aerospace
telecommunications and
nanotechnology

DEVELOPMENT OF IEEE
- Till date IEEE has developed over 900 technical standards.
- Therefore, it can be concluded it is also an organization for standards development.
- It conducts various programs in the institutes of higher learning.
- The merging of the two institutes can be seen in the logo of IEEE.
- It consists of a diamond shape which resembles the kite of Benjamin Franklin.
- In the kite there is an illustration of the right hand thumb rule.
- IEEE is a dual nature institute and has following 2 parts:
1.Technical focus: it refers to the computer society of IEEE.
2.Geography: it refers to the Philadelphia and South Africa section.

Apart from these there is one more unit that is managed by IEEE namely organizational unit IEEE- USA. The purpose of this unit is to implement the strategies and policies.

What are different tips for testing GUI on smart devices?

WHAT ARE SMART DEVICES?
- Smart devices are most popularity gaining devices in today’s world.
- Though being a small cordless electronic device, it is capable of serving us many purposes.
- It is highly portable and can be connected anywhere to a network like 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi etc.
- You can have a voice and video communication and browse internet.
- Smart devices in the coming years are going to outnumber many other devices like cell phones and laptops.
- These devices exhibit quite appraisable artificial intelligence and ubiquitous computing factors.

But, what makes these smart deices so popular among users except their features?
It is their user friendly GUI (graphical user interface).
- The abstraction feature of the OOP is employed here in hiding the interactions between the user and the computer.
- These devices are able to optimize themselves according to the environment in which they operate.
- To some extent these devices are self governed.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE ON SMART DEVICES
- The GUI of these devices is vigorously tested to maintain the standard.
- GUIs are a bridge between the software system and the user.
- When agitated, the interface responds to the user’s activity like click or mouse movement.
- GUI makes it easy to implement the software code and also for users to interact with the device.
- GUIs form a major percentage of the program code.
- A lot of time is devoted in developing graphical user interface and testing it. - GUIs account for the usability of the device.
- The current GUI testing methodologies are mostly manual and ad hoc in nature.
- The tools used for GUI testing record the test case execution and captures screen shots during testing.
- The recorded sessions are played again and the input test data is manipulated. - This methodology requires a large effort.

Here we are going to discuss some tips regarding GUI testing of smart devices.

- The effectiveness of GUI testing depends on the ability of the tester to develop new interactions between the user and the software.
- The best advice for graphical user testing will be to use an automated test generating tool.
- This will save you much time and effort.
- Before using an automated test generator, you should code for all possible interactions.

Even though the automated test generator provides a great help, there are many decisions that it misses out.

To compensate for this, the better option is to release the beta copy of the GUI and let the users test it and give you the feedback. More the number of testers, more effective will be the testing.

Here we are listing some tips for making GUI testing more effective:

- Having a defined coverage criterion will make it easy for you to decide what to test first.

- Prepare documentation for the test cases that have to be executed. In this documentation, define the test input data to be used for each test case. The input test data should be related to the requirements specifications of the software system.

- Compare the actual output with the expected output and decide what can be done to get the desired output if the two don’t match.

- After you have predicted the outputs for the test cases, execute them one by one and verify the output.

- Most importantly ask yourself questions like:

a) “how to improve the interaction of the user and the system?”
b) “how to make it easier for the user to access various features of the device through GUI”, “what are the possible where bugs can be found?”
c) “is this GUI compatible with the environment in which it is to be used?”
d) “what are the features that should be compulsorily incorporated in to the GUI?”.

Overview of Nanotechnology and its applications

Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
With nanotechnology, a large set of materials and improved products rely on a change in the physical properties when the feature sizes are shrunk.

Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine
The biological and medical research communities have exploited the unique properties of nanomaterials for various applications. Terms such as biomedical nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and nanomedicine are used to describe this hybrid field.
- Nanotechnology-on-a-chip is one more dimension of lab-on-a-chip technology.
- Nanotechnology has been a boom in medical field by delivering drugs to specific cells using nano-particles.
- Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to repair damaged tissue. “Tissue engineering” makes use of artificially stimulated cell proliferation by using suitable nanomaterial-based scaffolds and growth factors.

Nanotechnology Applications in Electronics
Nanotechnology holds some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronics devices while we reduce their weight and power consumption.

Nanotechnology Applications in Space
Advancements in nanomaterials make lightweight solar sails and a cable for the space elevator possible. By significantly reducing the amount of rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the cost of reaching orbit and traveling in space. In addition, new materials combined with nanosensors and nanorobots could improve the performance of spaceships, spacesuits, and the equipment used to explore planets and moons, making nanotechnology an important part of the ‘final frontier.’

Nanotechnology Applications in Food
Nanotechnology is having an impact on several aspects of food science, from how food is grown to how it is packaged. Companies are developing nanomaterials that will make a difference not only in the taste of food, but also in food safety, and the health benefits that food delivers.