In this article we discuss about different types of concurrency control mechanisms that are implemented in databases.
- Optimistic: This type of concurrency control method delays transaction checking. It does not check the integrity and isolation rules such as the recoverability, serializability etc. of the transaction until it has completed executing all of its associated operations. Also, any of the operations of the transaction are not blocked. If, upon commitment the transaction’s operations are violating these rules, the transaction is aborted. Immediately after being aborted, this transaction is executed again though this generates a restart and re – execution overhead. This mechanism is good to follow if there not too many abortions.
- Pessimistic: The concurrency control methods falling under this category block a transaction from carrying out any transaction if it is suspected to violate the rules. The transaction is not allowed to execute until the probability of rule violation becomes zero. However such prolonged blocking of the transactions reduces the performance drastically.
- Semi – optimistic: These concurrency control mechanisms consider blocking the transaction only in some situations where it is important to do so. Transactions are not blocked when rules are being checked as in optimistic concurrency control mechanisms.
The performance of these different types of concurrency control mechanisms is different. By this we mean they all have different throughputs (rate of transaction completion). This depends on various factors such as the level of parallelism, transaction types mix etc. The trade – offs between the various categories should be considered and the one providing highest performance in the particular situation should be chosen. Two transactions mutually locking each other result in a deadlock. In such a situation the involved transactions go on waiting forever and are not able to complete. The concurrency control mechanisms that are non – optimistic are observed to have more deadlocks. The transactions have to be aborted for resolving the deadlocks. All this deadlocks, blocking, resolving introduces delays in performance and these are the major trade – off factors between the types. Below we mention some major concurrency control methods which many variants falling under the above mentioned categories:
- Locking: Its variants include the two – phase locking (2PL). This mechanism facilitates the access to the locks on data acquired by the transactions. If a transaction tries to acquire a lock over a piece of data already locked on by another transaction, it is blocked till the latter transaction releases its lock. This however depends on the type of access operation and type of lock.
- Serialization graph checking or precedence graph checking: This mechanism checks out for any cycles in the graph of the schedule and if found breaks them by aborting the involved transactions.
- Timestamp ordering: The timestamps are assigned to the transactions and access to data is kept under control by constant checking and time stamping.
- Commitment ordering: The transactions are checked in the order of their commitment so as to maintain their compatibility with their precedence order.
There are some other concurrency control methods are used along with the above mentioned types:
- Index concurrency control: The access operations are synchronized with the indexes instead of synchronizing with the user data. Performance can be gained using specialized methods.
- Multi – version concurrency control or MVCC: Each time an object is written, it generates a new copy of that object so that the other transactions can still read the object. This increases concurrency without compromising with the performance.
- Private workspace model: A private workspace is maintained by each transaction for accessing the data. Any changes made to the data become visible to the outside transactions after the transaction commits.
- Optimistic: This type of concurrency control method delays transaction checking. It does not check the integrity and isolation rules such as the recoverability, serializability etc. of the transaction until it has completed executing all of its associated operations. Also, any of the operations of the transaction are not blocked. If, upon commitment the transaction’s operations are violating these rules, the transaction is aborted. Immediately after being aborted, this transaction is executed again though this generates a restart and re – execution overhead. This mechanism is good to follow if there not too many abortions.
- Pessimistic: The concurrency control methods falling under this category block a transaction from carrying out any transaction if it is suspected to violate the rules. The transaction is not allowed to execute until the probability of rule violation becomes zero. However such prolonged blocking of the transactions reduces the performance drastically.
- Semi – optimistic: These concurrency control mechanisms consider blocking the transaction only in some situations where it is important to do so. Transactions are not blocked when rules are being checked as in optimistic concurrency control mechanisms.
The performance of these different types of concurrency control mechanisms is different. By this we mean they all have different throughputs (rate of transaction completion). This depends on various factors such as the level of parallelism, transaction types mix etc. The trade – offs between the various categories should be considered and the one providing highest performance in the particular situation should be chosen. Two transactions mutually locking each other result in a deadlock. In such a situation the involved transactions go on waiting forever and are not able to complete. The concurrency control mechanisms that are non – optimistic are observed to have more deadlocks. The transactions have to be aborted for resolving the deadlocks. All this deadlocks, blocking, resolving introduces delays in performance and these are the major trade – off factors between the types. Below we mention some major concurrency control methods which many variants falling under the above mentioned categories:
- Locking: Its variants include the two – phase locking (2PL). This mechanism facilitates the access to the locks on data acquired by the transactions. If a transaction tries to acquire a lock over a piece of data already locked on by another transaction, it is blocked till the latter transaction releases its lock. This however depends on the type of access operation and type of lock.
- Serialization graph checking or precedence graph checking: This mechanism checks out for any cycles in the graph of the schedule and if found breaks them by aborting the involved transactions.
- Timestamp ordering: The timestamps are assigned to the transactions and access to data is kept under control by constant checking and time stamping.
- Commitment ordering: The transactions are checked in the order of their commitment so as to maintain their compatibility with their precedence order.
There are some other concurrency control methods are used along with the above mentioned types:
- Index concurrency control: The access operations are synchronized with the indexes instead of synchronizing with the user data. Performance can be gained using specialized methods.
- Multi – version concurrency control or MVCC: Each time an object is written, it generates a new copy of that object so that the other transactions can still read the object. This increases concurrency without compromising with the performance.
- Private workspace model: A private workspace is maintained by each transaction for accessing the data. Any changes made to the data become visible to the outside transactions after the transaction commits.
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